Manual Thermometers
Mercury, non-mercury (liquid in glass), or bimetallic thermometers with analog displays, for general and application-specific use, with various temperature-range capacities and accuracies; may be traceable or certified to international standards.
In 1714, the mercury-in-glass thermometer was invented in Europe by physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit. Typically, the mercury is contained in a reservoir that opens to narrow glass tube. The distance that the mercury flows into the tube is dependent on the temperature to which the thermometer is subjected. The space above the mercury may be filled with air or an inert gas, or it may be a partial vacuum.
Thermometers are calibrated by exposing them to a known temperature and then marking the height of the mercury at that temperature. For example, one might calibrate to the freezing temperature of water (0°C or 32°F) by placing the thermometer in a mixture of ice and water. Then the thermometer could be submerged in boiling water to determine the point where the water changes from a liquid to a vapor (100°C or 212°F).
Mercury thermometers are still considered to be some of the most accurate temperature indicators. They can be used for a wide range of temperatures, from -37°C to 356°C (-35°F to 673°F). Modifications such as adding an inert gas above the mercury or replacing the glass with fused quartz can extend the upper temperature limit to as high as 800°C (1,470°F).
Mercury cannot be used below -38.83°C (-37.89°F), the temperature at which it becomes a solid. Moreover, nitrogen in the thermometer can flow down into the column and become trapped if the mercury solidifies, which makes the thermometer unusable. Use a thermometer that contains a mercury-thallium alloy for measuring lower meteorological temperatures – it will remain liquid to -61.1°C (-78.0°F).
Cole-Parmer Digi-Sense Ultra Low Liquid-In-Glass Thermometer; -100 to 50C, Total Immersion
These thermometers are inexpensive and safe for use in laboratories, universities, food/beverage, environmental, wastewater, petrochemical, pharmaceutical and many other general-purpose applications. Choose from partial immersion or total immersion thermometers. Thermometers feature permanently fused markings, blue spirit liquid, white background glass; are also individually serial numbered. Include a ring top and a statement of accuracy supplied by manufacturer.
VWR International REFRIGERATOR/FRZER THERMOMETER
Refrigerator/Freezer Thermometer–50 to 70°C (–58 to 158°F)Bottle Probe
Ptc Instruments SURFACE THERM -10C TO 150C
The 310C is 2 in. in diameter and has an accuarcy is +/- 2% of Full Scale
Thermco Products Inc Accu-Safe Non-Mercury Laboratory Thermometers Fractional Degree
Range: -1 to 51°C, Immersion: 76mm, and Length: 400mm.
Research Products International Corp Traceable Hi-Accuracy Thermometer, with One Bottle Probe
High accuracy dual channel thermometers feature 0.01° high resolution with accuracy of ± 0.30°C. Individual channels provide simultaneous monitoring of temperatures in separate locations. Display exact time and date when a min/max reading occurred and alarm sounded. Min/Max temperatures are programmable in 0.1°C increments over entire range of -50° up to +70°C. Temperature buffered solution probes contain a non-hazardous glycol mixture that eliminates rapid temperature changes when opening refrigerator or freezer door.
Available with one miniature size sensor that is chemical resistance and waterproof for use in water baths, incubators or dry block heaters. Supplied with Traceable Calibration Certificate (NIST), stand, mounting strips and battery.
Thermco Products Inc ASTM Approved Applications, Blue Spirit, ASTM S12F, Gravity, -5 deg./215 deg.F, 0.5 deg.F div, TOTAL imm, 425mm
The ASTM S12F is made in accordance with specifications of the American Society for Testing and Material. Strict manufacturing procedures and quality controls insure full compliance to ASTM E-1. This instrument are made from annealed glass and have been extensively aged for minimal scale error and stability. The ASTM S12F is used in Gravity proceedures in the petroleum industry.
Ace Glass, Inc. Thermometer, -20 to 110°C, 12" length, 76mm immersion
-20 to 110C enviro-safe economy thermometer with a 76mm immersion length. 12 inches long. Thermometer is filled with organic black liquid, and is made from lead-free glass. Does not contain mercury. Comes with a NIST traceable statement of accuracy.